Color psychology is the study of a person’s behavior when they see a certain color or hue. Color psychology experiments have shown that individual colors can have a repercussion on performances, causing people to choose certain colors for a room so that it reflects the mood the person is trying to set The essays demonstrate the value from having a vision for your career – whether it's detailed or "big picture" – before you start a psychology degree. Having a long-term goal in mind offers a reliable source of study motivation. 1. Motivation Aug 24, · Order custom essay Reflection Essay on Psychology with free plagiarism report. Classical conditioning is involuntary responses and operant conditioning is voluntary but we are rewarded or punished for our behavior. Classical: You could be overhearing people talk bad about someone and automatically think those people are not the type you would
50 Great Psychology Articles and Essays
Sigmund Freud gained from many workers to evolve his final theories. Charcot has emphasized trauma itself caused hysteria in susceptible individuals but Freud stated that it was not the trauma itself, but rather the defense against the recollection of the memory of the trauma that caused neurosis. Predisposition or susceptibility was deemphasized e. Freud recognized that the bulk of psychic life lay outside of consciousness i. It is compared with the small visible tip of an iceberg i. It can accept external input from sensory perceptions of environmental stimuli and internal input from the preconscious portion of the mind.
The latter contains wishes, essay on psychology, ideas, memories and feelings that are accessible by an act of volition or attention. It is governed by the reality principle and is responsible for logical thought and action in adult life, essay on psychology. It develops during childhood in parallel with the development of the ego. It can be reached by both the conscious and the unconscious. Contents of the unconscious can only gain access essay on psychology consciousness by being linked with the words and via the preconscious. The portion of mind contains material that cannot be made conscious by essay on psychology attention. It contains repressed ideas, wishes and effects that can become conscious only by first entering the preconscious, essay on psychology, which censors them and attempts to keep them unconscious.
Mental activity of the unconscious is called primary process thinking and is characterized by the following features. Primary Process thinking makes frequent use of symbolization in which one object or idea takes over the significance of another that it resembles in some waycondensation essay on psychology which several concepts become fused and replaced by a single symbol and displacement in which the effective component of an idea is transferred to a symbolic substitute. Primary Process thinking is characteristic of very young children, of nocturnal dreams and of severely regressive behaviour in psychosis or mental retardation.
A number of questions remained unanswered- Does the barrier between consciousness and the dynamic unconscious lie in the unconscious or within consciousness? What is the content of the unconscious? Does energy flow toward keeping things unconscious or essay on psychology it flow toward keeping things conscious or does it flow in the same direction of pushing toward emergence in consciousness? Freud was soon dissatisfied with the topographical theory and eventually replaced it by structural theory of personality. It contains basic drives, essay on psychology, instinctive impulses as those concerned with survival, sex and aggression.
Id demands immediate gratification and is illogical. It is non-verbal and does not enter consciousness i. mainly unconscious. It acts as a mediator between the drives derived from the id and the outer world i. It is influenced by the superego, essay on psychology. Some of the parts of ego mainly defense mechanisms are unconscious. It is mainly unconscious. Two aspects of superego have been identified. The conscience-developed through internalization introjection and automatizations of the many prohibitions of early childhood. It is the conscious part of superego. The Ego-ideal developed through identification with the attributes of those who are admired or envied.
Defense mechanisms can also be classified as Narcicistic Projection, Projective identification, Primitive idealization, Splitting, Denial, DistortionImmature Acting out, Blocking, essay on psychology, Hypochondriasis, introjection passive Aggressive Behaviour, Projection, Regression, Schizoid Fantasy, SomatizationNeurotic Controlling, Displacement, Dissociation, Externalization, Inhibition, Intellectualization, essay on psychology, Isolation. Rationalization, essay on psychology, Reaction formation. Repression, essay on psychology, Sexualisation and Mature defenses Altruism, Anticipation, Asceticism, Humor, Sublimation, Suppression.
It includes a theoretical description of a characteristic maturational sequence of libidinal or psychosexual phases in development from birth to mature adulthood. The drive organization is subject to progression, fixation or regression determined in part by the extent to which the individual encounter normal, excessive, or frustrated gratification See Table 3. It is the earliest stage of development and is associated with behaviour appropriate to the first year of life, particularly extreme dependency. Fixation at or regression to this phase of development is considered characteristic of schizophrenia, severe affective disorders and alcohol and other drug dependence. It consists of two phases of chewing Receptive phase and biting Sadistic Phase when teething occurs.
Anal Phase of development implies the ability to give or to withhold and requires the child to learn to compromise between primitive wishes and the rewards obtained by conforming with the demands and expectations of significant adult. If present to a significant degree, essay on psychology, they may be associated with the development of obsessive compulsive disorder. It also consists of two-phases—a destructive expulsive phase child enjoys excretion and a mastering retaining phase child enjoys sphincter control. In this phase, essay on psychology, the children display considerable sexual interest and curiosity focused on the penis or clitoris. The observed difference between male and female genitalia may lead to the childhood fantasy that the female genitalia results from loss of the penis.
It is resolved by identification with the parent of the same sex. A similar complex seen in girl is called Electra complex from a Greek myth in which Electra connives at the death of her mother Clytemnestra who had murdered her father Agamemnon, essay on psychology. Various forms of sexual dysfunction and deviation in both sexes are considered to have their origin in this phase of development. It is regarded as phase of sexual latency. At the start of this phase, the Oedipus complex has usually been resolved but will be temporarily reactivated at the time of puberty and the child has made a decisive identification with the appropriate parental figure and formed an effective superego conscience and ego-ideal.
Intrafamilial relationships during the preschool years constitute a nucleus of knowledge about human society, which is now expanded in school and play activities, essay on psychology, in relationships with adults outside the family and in competitive or collaborative interactions with peers. Old techniques of adaptation are repeated and reinforced or extinguished and replaced by newer techniques that are found more essay on psychology. Genital Phase is initiated by puberty and leads to a reawakening of sexual interest that is now conscious, verbalized and acted on in accordance with mores of the peer group.
There is an increasing desire to be freed from infantile dependency and to achieve adult status. The desire results in rejection of the standards and the validity of demands imposed by parents and other adult, with a tendency toward acceptance of the philosophy of the peer group. In this process, there is often partial identification with others of the same sex who are just slightly older than the individual and who are admired by the peer group. Ideally, the gradual emancipation from parental control is accomplished by increasing responsibility and mature genitality based on respect essay on psychology the rights of others. There is a latent as well as a manifest content and it is frequently the former which is more significant. Efforts to disguise the dream are called dream work and Freud describes four mechanisms whereby it operates:.
Dramatization where abstract ideas are given solid or concrete shape with the free use of essay on psychology representing the repressed activities or experiences. Condensation a form of abbreviation or shorthand which conceals from the dreamer some of the latent content by omission or by using a part, sometimes a very small part, to represent a whole or by the fusing of a variety of latent elements sharing a common feature into one piece. Displacement is the replacement of the latent content by a remotely associated element which is no more than an allusion or oblique reference or shifting the accent so essay on psychology latent content is essay on psychology recognizable.
Secondary elaboration which occurs just as full consciousness is regained and continues for a time during the waking state, thus making the dream appear more rational. As secondary elaboration is ego-inspired, it is advisable to get the patient to write essay on psychology his dreams immediately on waking before his distortion begins to operate. Conscious includes the persona. Personality is regarded as the persona or mask worn by Roman actors and was therefore that part of consciousness exposed to the gaze of the world. Personal Unconscious those aspects of mental life which are denied in consciousness develop in the unconscious and form the personal unconscious or shadow, which plays an important part in essay on psychology. Collective unconscious racial, universal Jung described the persona the outer crust of the personality, which is the opposite of the personal unconscious on dimensions of:.
Archetypes are the generalized symbols and images within the collective unconscious and include:. Complex is a group of interconnected ideas which arouse associated feelings and affect behaviour. He expressed his basic tenet: To essay on psychology human being means the possession of a feeling of inferiority that is constantly pressing towards its own conquest. He explained that the helplessness of the child gives it an inferiority complex which can be accentuated by an organ inferiority in three ways:. By successful compensation as for example, Beethoven with his deafness and Demosthenes with his stammer.
Compromise for over compensation, the former being a tendency to attribute the failure to the physical inferiority while the latter is a ridiculous protest against it. Over compensation can result in decompensation and neurosis. The learning theory that arises from the laboratory setting of experimental psychology, generating applications for the clinical situation, in contrast to psychoanalysis and dynamic psychiatry, which arose in the treatment setting and rely on that same setting for confirmation. Learning is itself an inference based on the observation of changes in the behaviour of an organism, essay on psychology. Learning may be inferred from permanent or quasi-permanent changes in behaviour which occur under specific circumstances.
An organism is influenced by the effect of its behaviours and its responses reflect that bearing. If behaviour leads to states which the organism will repeat the behaviour to attain of if a behaviour leads to states which the organism will stop that behaviour in order to avoid, learning may be said to have taken place. States associated with behaviours can become reinforcers. A positive reinforcer is the occurrence of an event which will increase the probability that the antecedent behaviour will be increased a negative reinforcer is the occurrence of an event which will decrease the probability that the antecedent behaviour will be increased.
Punishment is an example of negative reinforcement. In classical conditioning, Pavlovian a stimulus not intrinsically or ordinarily associated with a response may be used to induce that response. Operant or instrumental conditioning by Skinner occurs as the organism learns that behaviours are associated with positive or negative events. Behaviours in operant conditioning are initiated by the organism and associated essay on psychology are less directly linked to immediate physiological reflexes than in classical conditioning. In behaviour therapy, essay on psychology, psychopathology is seen as persistent habits of learned unadaptive behaviour acquired in anxiety-generating situations.
One group of learning theorists e. Behavioural theorists focus their therapeutic strategies on the pathological behaviour themselves, using a variety of techniques to unlearn maladaptive behaviours, to essay on psychology unwanted states like anxiety and to introduce new learning through such techniques as shaping, essay on psychology, modeling and creating through careful application of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, extinction, new chains of habit, and adaptive behaviour. Cognitive theorists believe that the beliefs and patterns of thinking is the cause and maintenance of psychiatric disorders.
Particular attention is given to depression and also anxiety neurosis. According to it, low mood leads to a number of changes in the pattern of thinking e. Faris and Dunham first observed that schizophrenia has a higher prevalence amongst people of lower social class. Two alternative theories have been proposed to explain for such association. The first is that the lower social class is a factor in causing schizophrenia the generation hypothesis. The second is the having schizophrenia has led to a drift towards lower social class the drift hypothesis. In this case, the depression appears to be caused by the lower social class.
Brown and Harris proposed a model of the social causes of depression. Depression is seen as the result of a provoking agent acting on a vulnerable person.
How to plan your essays. Key advice from psychology.
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Essay # 4. Concepts of Basic and Modal Personality: The extensive influence of culture on the developing personality is so self- evident that psychologists were inclined to come to the conclusion that every culture through its institutions, like the family and the community and also through its mythology, folklore and symbolic agents develops in the members, a basic Short Essay on Psychology. The term “Psychology” consists of two Greek words — Psyche and Logos. The former means “soul” and the latter means “Science”. Psychology thus means science of soul. But the term “soul” cannot be easily explained and understood. This led to the meaning of psychology as the “science of mind” Clinical psychology is a very popular concentration of psychology that uses different methods to provide mental and behavioral healthcare to a variety of patients. Clinical psychology uses the principles of psychology to try to gather information to treat mental illness through medication and talk therapy. Not only do clinical psychologists try
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